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We show that participants in a game situation act within a wider context of playfulness, according to a variety of significant roles ranging from active player through to audience member. Drawing on the results of this study we present a taxonomy of paraplay and discuss the ways that playfulness can be exhibited in a social play session. We found numerous types and examples of playfulness within the gaming session even from those who were not actively participating in the game. We conducted video analysis on these recordings as well as interviews with many of the participants. Participants were instructed to record their social gaming sessions.
Six families with a total of 32 participants were provided with an Xbox 360 console, Kinect sensor, and three casual physical video games to play together for a period of approximately two weeks. In order to further understand the role of playfulness in social gaming we conducted an empirical field study of physical console gaming. By critically examining work related to gaming and play goals and motivations we argue that the concept of playfulness should have a stronger role in our understanding of gaming sessions, and particularly social gaming sessions. We present the concept of paraplay: playful activities that take place within the context of an interactive game or other play activity, but outside the activity itself.
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